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The constitution of India, as established by its Preamble, is a unique document that exists as the supreme law of the land. In addition to founding India as a sovereign democratic republic, it outlines its fundamental rights and duties. It follows then that this document must be given equal weight to all other matters contained within the Constitution's various articles. The Indian Constitution must be respected at all times and followed without deviation unless a provision provides for an exception. Furthermore, any actions deemed unconstitutional or illegal must be rejected by the citizenry. The Constitution of India is the longest written constitution of any sovereign nation in the world. It consists of a preamble and 448 articles divided into 20 parts. The Constitution establishes India as a secular nation that officially professes no religion. However, it also acknowledges religious laws passed before its enactment that are aligned with essential human rights, such as those pertaining to marriage, divorce, adoption and inheritance. The preamble of the document maintains that all Indians are equal regardless of their religion, caste or gender. Moreover, it maintains that India's diversity is accepted as an unavoidable reality of social life and further promotes scientific rationalism over religious superstition. The Preamble to the Constitution of India was adopted by the Constituent Assembly on 26 November 1949. It states that India is a sovereign, socialist, secular, democratic republic. The preamble was inserted after the words "We, the people of India" in its English language translation. The Fundamental Rights enshrined in Part III describe a set of guaranteed freedoms and rights to all citizens of India. The Constitution's stated objective is to pursue “equity and social justice” as defined by Dr. B R Ambedkar when he presented the draft for this part to the Constituent Assembly on 4 November 1947. The first part of this document guarantees equality and freedom from discrimination regardless of caste, creed, religion or sex. It also forbids the government from denying any citizen the right to practice their religion. In addition, it states that the state will not discriminate against any citizen based on their gender. The Constitution provides strict punishments for those who undermine these rights by means of violent attacks or passive neglect. The Fundamental Rights are supplemented with a set of duties called 'Directive Principles', which are not enforceable by any court but have been repeatedly used by the Supreme Court to issue directions for the protection and advancement of Fundamental Rights. The official head of state is the president, who functions on advice of the Council of Ministers headed by the Prime Minister. The president also has the power to remove ministers from office. Ministers must be members of parliament and are responsible for executive departments like defence, home affairs and finance. The constitution explicitly names both Prime Minister and President in Article 84 (Article 86 in original constitution). However, it does not mention any specific requirements for either post, except that they both must be citizens of India or residents for any period and have their domicile in India, according to Article 84(1). The original Constitution did not have a formal office for vice-president but it was created in 1954 through an amendment by Act No 32 of 1954. cfa1e77820
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